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A company based in one country closes its domestic call center and instead contracts with a company overseas to handle its customer service at a lower cost. What is this practice called?

A. Devolution
B. Outsourcing (or offshoring)
C. Import substitution
D. Agglomeration

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentEconomic Change

A coffee cooperative guarantees its farmers a minimum price above the volatile world market rate and requires certain labor and environmental standards, and shoppers can identify these products by a special label. What is this system called?

A. Fair trade
B. Free trade
C. Outsourcing
D. Import substitution industrialization

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentDevelopment Strategies

A nonprofit organization offers very small loans to entrepreneurs in a low-income community who would not qualify for a loan from a traditional bank, helping them start small businesses. What is this lending practice called?

A. Foreign direct investment
B. Structural adjustment
C. Import substitution
D. Microfinance

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentDevelopment Strategies

Dependency theory argues that the continued poverty of some countries is best explained by which of the following?

A. Poor countries simply following a slower version of the same growth stages as wealthy ones
B. Random historical chance with no lasting economic structure involved
C. Long-term economic and political relationships that keep poorer countries dependent on wealthier ones
D. A lack of natural resources in every poor country

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentDevelopment Theory

According to world systems theory, a country has a mix of both industrialized manufacturing and lower-wage, resource-based industries, placing it between wealthy core countries and poorer peripheral ones. What is this country's position called?

A. Non-aligned
B. Semi-periphery
C. Core
D. Periphery

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentDevelopment Theory

According to Walt Rostow's stages of economic growth model, a country begins in a traditional, largely agricultural stage and, after developing the preconditions for takeoff, enters a stage of rapid industrialization. What is this rapid-industrialization stage called?

A. The takeoff stage
B. The age of mass consumption
C. The traditional society stage
D. The drive to technological maturity

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentDevelopment Theory

One measure of development considers only a country's average economic output per person, while another combines income with life expectancy and years of schooling. Which pair of terms correctly matches these two measures?

A. The Human Development Index (economic output only) and GDP per capita (income, life expectancy, and education)
B. The Gender Inequality Index (economic output only) and GDP per capita (income, life expectancy, and education)
C. Both measures are calculated the exact same way
D. GDP per capita (economic output only) and the Human Development Index (income, life expectancy, and education)

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentMeasuring Development

A data scientist who analyzes information for a tech company and a government official who sets national economic policy both work in sectors beyond the traditional primary, secondary, and tertiary categories. Which pair of terms correctly labels their sectors?

A. Tertiary (data analysis) and quaternary (policy-making)
B. Secondary (data analysis) and tertiary (policy-making)
C. Quaternary (data analysis) and quinary (policy-making)
D. Quinary (data analysis) and quaternary (policy-making)

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development

A worker who mines iron ore, a worker who manufactures that ore into steel beams, and a worker who provides financial consulting services each belong to a different economic sector. Which sequence correctly lists these from primary to tertiary?

A. Mining (primary), consulting (secondary), manufacturing (tertiary)
B. Mining (primary), manufacturing (secondary), consulting (tertiary)
C. Manufacturing (primary), mining (secondary), consulting (tertiary)
D. Consulting (primary), mining (secondary), manufacturing (tertiary)

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development

Cargo shipped by ocean freighter must be unloaded and transferred onto trucks or trains at a port before continuing inland. What is this kind of transfer location called?

A. A break-of-bulk point
B. A footloose site
C. A special economic zone
D. A central place

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentIndustrial Location

Several auto parts suppliers cluster their factories near a major automobile assembly plant to reduce shipping costs and share a specialized local workforce. What economic benefit does this clustering illustrate?

A. Distance decay
B. The multiplier effect in isolation
C. Deglomeration
D. Agglomeration economies

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentIndustrial Location

A software design company can locate its headquarters almost anywhere, since its product does not depend on proximity to raw materials or a specific transportation network. What term describes an industry like this?

A. A bulk-gaining industry
B. A break-of-bulk industry
C. A footloose industry
D. A bulk-reducing industry

Unit 7 — Industrial & Economic DevelopmentIndustrial Location

Residents of a low-income urban neighborhood have no full-service grocery store within walking distance and rely mainly on convenience stores and fast food for their meals. What is this kind of neighborhood commonly called?

A. A gentrified neighborhood
B. A food desert
C. A brownfield
D. An edge city

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Land Use

A small number of cities, such as New York, London, and Tokyo, serve as command centers for the global economy, hosting the headquarters of major banks, corporations, and international organizations. What are cities with this global economic role called?

A. World cities (or global cities)
B. Primate cities
C. Edge cities
D. Company towns

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Hierarchy

A metropolitan area with over 10 million residents is generally classified as a megacity. What additional population threshold distinguishes a 'metacity' from a megacity?

A. A metacity has fewer than 1 million residents
B. A metacity has exactly 10 million residents
C. There is no population difference; the terms are interchangeable
D. A metacity has more than 20 million residents

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Hierarchy

A former industrial factory site sits abandoned in a city, and redevelopment is complicated by the possible presence of contaminated soil left over from its earlier industrial use. What is this type of site called?

A. An edge city
B. A special economic zone
C. A brownfield
D. A greenfield

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Land Use

A city government passes a law dividing the city into districts, permitting only residential buildings in some areas and only commercial or industrial buildings in others. What is this land-use regulation called?

A. Annexation
B. Zoning
C. Redlining
D. Eminent domain

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Planning

A planned neighborhood is designed with narrow, walkable streets, housing built close to shops and offices, and easy access to public transit, in deliberate contrast to car-dependent suburban sprawl. What planning movement does this design reflect?

A. New Urbanism
B. Redlining
C. Urban renewal of the 1950s
D. The concentric zone model

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Planning

Investors and higher-income residents move into an older, previously low-income urban neighborhood, renovating buildings and raising property values, which eventually prices out many long-time residents. What is this process called?

A. Redlining
B. Suburbanization
C. Blockbusting
D. Gentrification

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Change

A cluster of office towers, shopping malls, and hotels has developed near a highway interchange on the outskirts of a metropolitan area, functioning almost like a second downtown even though it was mostly farmland a few decades earlier. What is this kind of development called?

A. A megacity
B. A central place
C. An edge city
D. A primate city

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Growth

In many Latin American cities, the wealthiest housing is found along a commercial spine extending outward from downtown, while informal, lower-income housing spreads toward the urban periphery. Which model describes this pattern?

A. The galactic city model
B. The Griffin-Ford Latin American city model
C. The Burgess concentric zone model
D. The Hoyt sector model

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Models

A large modern metropolitan area has grown around several separate centers of activity, such as a downtown business district, a university district, and an industrial park, rather than a single central core. Which urban model best describes this pattern?

A. The Harris-Ullman multiple nuclei model
B. The Burgess concentric zone model
C. The Hoyt sector model
D. The Von Thünen model

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Models

One model of city structure argues that similar land uses, such as wealthy housing, extend outward from downtown in wedge-shaped sectors along transportation routes rather than in simple concentric rings. What is this model called?

A. The Burgess concentric zone model
B. The Harris-Ullman multiple nuclei model
C. The Latin American city model
D. The Hoyt sector model

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Models

A country's capital city is more than twice as large as the next-largest city and dominates the country's economy, politics, and culture out of proportion to its rank. What is this pattern called?

A. A megacity
B. An edge city
C. A primate city
D. A central place

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Hierarchy

In a country that follows the rank-size rule, the second-largest city has roughly what population relative to the largest city?

A. About double the population of the largest city
B. About half the population of the largest city
C. About the same population as the largest city
D. About one-tenth the population of the largest city

Unit 6 — Cities & Urban Land UseUrban Hierarchy

One commercial wheat farm covers thousands of acres and uses relatively little labor per acre, while a nearby market garden farms a few acres very intensively with heavy labor and inputs per acre. Which pair of terms correctly labels these two farms?

A. Extensive (wheat farm) and intensive (market garden)
B. Intensive (wheat farm) and extensive (market garden)
C. Commercial (wheat farm) and subsistence (market garden)
D. Subsistence (wheat farm) and commercial (market garden)

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseAgricultural Systems

Overgrazing, deforestation, and prolonged drought along the edge of the Sahara have turned once-productive farmland and grassland into barren desert-like conditions. What is this process called?

A. Deforestation
B. Eutrophication
C. Urbanization
D. Desertification

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseAgricultural Impact

Farms along a river in parts of Quebec and Louisiana are long, narrow strips of land, each with a short frontage on the river and stretching far back from the water. What land survey system produced this pattern?

A. The metes-and-bounds survey system
B. The central place survey system
C. The long-lot survey system
D. The township-and-range survey system

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseRural Land Use

Much of the rural Midwestern United States is divided into a grid of square-mile sections, producing farms and roads that meet at right angles for miles in every direction. What land survey system produced this pattern?

A. The central place survey system
B. The township-and-range survey system
C. The metes-and-bounds survey system
D. The long-lot survey system

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseRural Land Use

A country converts nearly all of its farmland to growing a single export crop instead of a variety of crops. Which of the following is the most significant risk of this monoculture approach?

A. Greater vulnerability to a single pest, disease, or price collapse wiping out most of the country's agricultural income
B. A permanent increase in soil fertility across all farmland
C. Automatic protection from international market price swings
D. A guaranteed increase in food security for the local population

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseAgricultural Change

Modern commercial farms increasingly rely on GPS-guided equipment, genetically modified seeds, and vertically integrated corporate supply chains. What is this shift toward large-scale, technology-driven, corporate farming called?

A. Shifting cultivation
B. The Second Agricultural Revolution
C. Subsistence farming
D. Agribusiness, part of the Third Agricultural Revolution

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseAgricultural Change

Beginning in the 1700s, new crop rotation methods, selective breeding, and mechanized equipment increased farm productivity in Europe, freeing up labor for growing industrial cities. What is this period called?

A. The Neolithic Revolution
B. The Third Agricultural Revolution
C. The Second Agricultural Revolution
D. The Green Revolution

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseAgricultural Change

Starting in the mid-20th century, new high-yield seed varieties, synthetic fertilizers, and irrigation techniques dramatically increased crop yields in many developing countries. What is this period of agricultural change called?

A. The Columbian Exchange
B. The Green Revolution
C. The Second Agricultural Revolution
D. The Neolithic Revolution

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseAgricultural Change

A large commercial farm in a tropical former colony grows a single cash crop for export, using a large hired workforce and significant capital investment. What agricultural system does this describe?

A. Plantation agriculture
B. Shifting cultivation
C. Pastoral nomadism
D. Intensive subsistence agriculture

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseAgricultural Systems

A farming family in a densely populated region works a very small plot of land by hand, using extensive labor and irrigation to produce enough rice to feed themselves with little surplus. What agricultural system does this describe?

A. Extensive commercial agriculture
B. Pastoral nomadism
C. Shifting cultivation
D. Intensive subsistence agriculture

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseAgricultural Systems

A herding group moves its livestock across a wide territory throughout the year, following seasonal patterns of available pasture and water rather than farming any fixed plot of land. What agricultural system does this describe?

A. Plantation agriculture
B. Market gardening
C. Pastoral nomadism
D. Intensive subsistence agriculture

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseAgricultural Systems

Farmers in a tropical rainforest clear and burn a plot of land, farm it for a few years until soil fertility declines, then move on to clear a new plot while the old one regrows. What is this agricultural system called?

A. Plantation agriculture
B. Shifting cultivation
C. Intensive subsistence agriculture
D. Commercial grain farming

Unit 5 — Agriculture & Rural Land UseAgricultural Systems

A single sovereign state contains several distinct national or ethnic groups within its borders, each with its own language and cultural identity. What type of state is this?

A. A multinational state
B. A nation-state
C. A stateless nation
D. A supranational organization

Unit 4 — Political GeographyPolitical Concepts

Halford Mackinder's heartland theory argued that control of which region was key to global political power?

A. The islands of the Pacific Ocean
B. The Sahara Desert
C. The Amazon rainforest
D. The interior of Eurasia

Unit 4 — Political GeographyGeopolitics

A former international border no longer functions as a political boundary, but its former path is still visible in the landscape as a difference in architecture and land-use patterns on either side. What is this type of boundary called?

A. A subsequent boundary
B. A geometric boundary
C. A relict boundary
D. A superimposed boundary

Unit 4 — Political GeographyPolitical Boundaries

Several African country borders follow straight lines of latitude and longitude drawn by European colonial powers with little regard for the ethnic groups living there. What type of boundary is this?

A. An antecedent boundary
B. A geometric boundary
C. A relict boundary
D. A physical boundary

Unit 4 — Political GeographyPolitical Boundaries

A small piece of Country A's territory is completely surrounded by Country B's land, with no direct land connection back to the rest of Country A. What is this piece of territory called from Country A's perspective?

A. An exclave
B. An enclave
C. A microstate
D. A buffer state

Unit 4 — Political GeographyPolitical Boundaries

A shared national language and a popular national sports team help unite a country's citizens, while a deep regional economic divide pushes one province toward wanting independence. Which pair of terms correctly labels these opposing forces?

A. Centrifugal forces (shared language, sports team) and a centripetal force (regional divide)
B. Devolutionary forces (shared language, sports team) and a supranational force (regional divide)
C. Both are examples of centrifugal forces
D. Centripetal forces (shared language, sports team) and a centrifugal force (regional divide)

Unit 4 — Political GeographyPolitical Forces

One country's national government holds nearly all political power, with local governments existing mainly to carry out national policy. Another country's constitution divides power between a national government and semi-autonomous states or provinces. Which pair of terms correctly labels these two systems?

A. Confederal (first country) and unitary (second country)
B. Devolved (first country) and confederal (second country)
C. Unitary (first country) and federal (second country)
D. Federal (first country) and unitary (second country)

Unit 4 — Political GeographyPolitical Systems

Two neighboring countries dispute a border area primarily because a valuable oil deposit was discovered beneath it. What type of boundary dispute does this best represent?

A. A locational boundary dispute
B. An allocational boundary dispute
C. An operational boundary dispute
D. A definitional boundary dispute

Unit 4 — Political GeographyPolitical Boundaries

Two countries agree on the wording of a treaty describing their shared border, but disagree about exactly where that described line falls on the actual ground. What type of boundary dispute is this?

A. A locational boundary dispute
B. A definitional boundary dispute
C. An allocational boundary dispute
D. An operational boundary dispute

Unit 4 — Political GeographyPolitical Boundaries

Several sovereign countries voluntarily join together in an organization that sets shared trade rules and allows citizens to cross member borders freely, even though each country keeps its own government. What is this type of organization called?

A. A unitary state
B. A confederation of city-states
C. An autonomous region
D. A supranational organization

Unit 4 — Political GeographyPolitical Organization

A national government transfers significant political power over local taxation and policing to a regional government within its own borders, in response to that region's demands for more autonomy. What process does this describe?

A. Colonialism
B. Balkanization
C. Devolution
D. Supranationalism

Unit 4 — Political GeographyPolitical Change

A political geography student is asked to distinguish 'state,' 'nation,' and 'nation-state.' Which of the following correctly matches each term to its definition?

A. A nation-state is any state that has fought a war of independence
B. A state is a political unit with sovereignty; a nation is a group sharing a common culture and identity; a nation-state is a state whose boundaries closely match one nation
C. A state is a group sharing a common culture; a nation is a sovereign political unit; a nation-state is any country with more than one ethnic group
D. A state and a nation are the same thing, and a nation-state is a country with no government

Unit 4 — Political GeographyPolitical Concepts

One term refers to a group's shared cultural traits such as ancestry, language, or religion; another refers to identification with a particular country or nation-state, sometimes regardless of ethnic background. Which pair correctly matches these two terms?

A. Ethnicity (shared cultural traits) and nationality (identification with a state)
B. Nationality (shared cultural traits) and ethnicity (identification with a state)
C. Race (shared cultural traits) and ethnicity (identification with a state)
D. Ethnicity (shared cultural traits) and race (identification with a state)

Unit 3Identity

A city neighborhood is home to a concentrated population that shares a common ethnic background, language, and set of businesses and cultural institutions distinct from the surrounding city. What is this neighborhood called?

A. A cultural hearth
B. An ethnic homeland
C. A functional region
D. An ethnic enclave

Unit 3Ethnicity

Which of the following best defines a cultural hearth?

A. A boundary line separating two dialect regions
B. A government policy encouraging population growth
C. A region where a cultural trait, innovation, or belief system originates before diffusing outward
D. A neighborhood where recent immigrants from many backgrounds settle together

Unit 3Culture

One immigrant family adopts some customs of their new country while still practicing their own holidays and language at home. A different immigrant family gradually stops practicing their original customs almost entirely and blends fully into the mainstream culture. Which pair of terms correctly labels these two outcomes?

A. Ethnocentrism (first family) and cultural relativism (second family)
B. Acculturation (first family) and assimilation (second family)
C. Assimilation (first family) and acculturation (second family)
D. Syncretism (first family) and acculturation (second family)

Unit 3Culture

A neighborhood was first home to an Indigenous community, then to European settlers who built farms, and later to immigrant factory workers who built rowhouses, with each group leaving a visible mark on the landscape before the next arrived. What concept describes these successive layers of occupation?

A. Sequent occupance
B. Cultural diffusion
C. Cultural ecology
D. Cultural relativism

Unit 3Cultural Landscape

Linguists draw a line on a map marking where residents on one side consistently pronounce a word differently from residents on the other side. What is this kind of line called?

A. An isoline
B. A lingua franca boundary
C. A cultural hearth
D. An isogloss

Unit 3Language

Traders from many different language backgrounds in a busy port city all rely on a shared second language to conduct business with one another. What is this shared common language called?

A. An isolated language
B. A dialect
C. A lingua franca
D. A creole language

Unit 3Language

A community blends elements of a colonizer's imported religion with elements of its own traditional beliefs, producing a new combined set of practices. What is this blending called?

A. Cultural relativism
B. Syncretism
C. Acculturation
D. Sequent occupance

Unit 3Religion

A rural community's generations-old quilting technique, passed down within families, spreads slowly and changes little over time. A viral dance trend, by contrast, spreads globally within weeks through social media and changes rapidly. Which pair of terms correctly labels these two cultural traits?

A. Folk culture (quilting) and popular culture (dance trend)
B. Popular culture (quilting) and folk culture (dance trend)
C. High culture (quilting) and mass culture (dance trend)
D. Material culture (quilting) and nonmaterial culture (dance trend)

Unit 3Culture

Christianity and Islam actively seek converts around the world, while Hinduism is closely tied to a specific ethnic group and region. Which pair of terms correctly classifies these two types of religion?

A. Ethnic (Christianity, Islam) and universalizing (Hinduism)
B. Monotheistic (Christianity, Islam) and polytheistic (Hinduism)
C. Animist (Christianity, Islam) and universalizing (Hinduism)
D. Universalizing (Christianity, Islam) and ethnic (Hinduism)

Unit 3Religion

According to Ravenstein's laws of migration, most migrants tend to do which of the following?

A. Migrate randomly, with no relationship between distance and frequency of migration
B. Move exclusively for climate reasons rather than economic ones
C. Move only a short distance, with longer-distance migrants typically heading toward major economic centers
D. Migrate in equal numbers in every direction regardless of economic opportunity

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationMigration Theory

A country's population pyramid shows a shrinking base and a bulging top, with a growing share of residents over age 65. Which challenge is this country most likely to face?

A. An immediate housing shortage caused by high birth rates
B. A shrinking working-age population supporting a growing number of retirees
C. Overcrowded schools due to a booming youth population
D. Rapid natural increase driven by high fertility

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationPopulation Structure

Which of the following best describes physiological density?

A. The number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land
B. The total number of people per unit of total land area
C. The number of farmers per unit of arable land
D. The percentage of a population that lives in urban areas

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationPopulation Measures

A country offers new parents extended paid leave, cash bonuses per child, and subsidized childcare because its birth rate has fallen below replacement level. What type of population policy is this?

A. An antinatalist policy intended to lower the birth rate
B. A eugenic population policy
C. A guest worker program
D. A pronatalist policy intended to raise the birth rate

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationPopulation Policy

China's one-child policy, in effect from 1979 to 2015, was an example of which type of population policy?

A. An open immigration policy intended to attract migrants
B. A guest worker program intended to fill labor shortages
C. An antinatalist policy intended to slow population growth
D. A pronatalist policy intended to increase the birth rate

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationPopulation Policy

After one family member settles in a new country and finds steady work, several relatives and friends from the same hometown later follow and settle in the same neighborhood. Which migration pattern does this describe?

A. Rural-to-rural migration
B. Chain migration
C. Step migration
D. Forced migration

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationMigration Patterns

A person moves from a small rural village to a nearby town, lives there for several years, then eventually moves again to a large national capital. Which migration pattern does this best illustrate?

A. Step migration
B. Chain migration
C. Transhumance
D. Circular migration

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationMigration Patterns

A family leaves their home region because of a lack of job opportunities and moves to a city known for its strong economy and job availability. Which pair of terms correctly labels these two influences on their decision to migrate?

A. Pull factor (lack of jobs) and push factor (strong economy)
B. Push factor (lack of jobs) and push factor (strong economy)
C. Intervening obstacle (lack of jobs) and pull factor (strong economy)
D. Push factor (lack of jobs) and pull factor (strong economy)

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationMigration Theory

Ester Boserup challenged Malthusian theory by arguing that population growth itself could do what?

A. Cause food supplies to grow geometrically without any change in farming methods
B. Have no effect on how much food a society can produce
C. Drive people to innovate and intensify agricultural production to feed more people
D. Automatically reduce birth rates through natural selection

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationPopulation Theory

Thomas Malthus argued that population growth would eventually outpace which of the following?

A. The supply of fresh water in temperate climates
B. The food supply, which he believed grows arithmetically while population grows geometrically
C. The number of available jobs in manufacturing
D. The rate of urban housing construction

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationPopulation Theory

A country's population is growing at a rate of 2 percent per year. Approximately how many years will it take for the population to double, using the rule of 70?

A. 35 years
B. 7 years
C. 70 years
D. 140 years

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationPopulation Measures

Which of the following best defines total fertility rate (TFR)?

A. The number of births per 1,000 people in a given year
B. The percentage of a population under age 15
C. The number of years it takes a population to double
D. The average number of children a woman would have during her childbearing years at current birth rates

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationPopulation Measures

A country has a high birth rate and a rapidly falling death rate due to improved sanitation and medicine, causing its population to grow quickly. Which stage of the demographic transition model does this describe?

A. Stage 4
B. Stage 5
C. Stage 2
D. Stage 1

Unit 2 — Population & MigrationDemographic Transition

A geographer notices that counties with higher rates of a certain disease also tend to have lower access to clean drinking water. What is this kind of observed relationship between two spatial patterns called?

A. Cultural ecology
B. Spatial association
C. Distance decay
D. Sequent occupance

Unit 1Spatial Patterns

Which of the following best defines remote sensing as used in geography?

A. Gathering data about Earth's surface from satellites or aircraft without direct physical contact
B. Conducting a household survey by telephone
C. Measuring soil samples collected on foot in the field
D. Interviewing local residents about land use

Unit 1Geospatial Technology

Two towns are 20 miles apart by straight-line measurement, but a resident describes the trip between them as 'about 45 minutes by the mountain road.' Which type of distance is the resident describing?

A. Absolute distance
B. Cardinal distance
C. Formal distance
D. Relative distance

Unit 1Spatial Data

One geospatial technology pinpoints a device's exact coordinates using satellite signals, while another stores and analyzes many layers of spatial data to answer questions about location. Which pair correctly matches these two technologies?

A. Remote sensing (pinpoints coordinates) and GPS (layers and analyzes spatial data)
B. GPS (layers and analyzes spatial data) and remote sensing (pinpoints coordinates)
C. GPS (pinpoints coordinates) and GIS (layers and analyzes spatial data)
D. GIS (pinpoints coordinates) and GPS (layers and analyzes spatial data)

Unit 1Geospatial Technology

Farmhouses in one rural county are spaced evenly across large individual plots of land, while farmhouses in a neighboring county are grouped tightly together near a shared village center. Which pair of terms correctly labels these two spatial patterns?

A. Formal (evenly spaced) and functional (grouped near a center)
B. Dispersed (evenly spaced) and clustered (grouped near a center)
C. Clustered (evenly spaced) and dispersed (grouped near a center)
D. Linear (evenly spaced) and nodal (grouped near a center)

Unit 1Spatial Patterns

Over the past two centuries, a trip that once took months by sailing ship now takes hours by airplane, and information that once took weeks to arrive by letter now arrives instantly online. Which concept describes this trend?

A. Space-time compression
B. Distance decay
C. Cultural relativism
D. Environmental determinism

Unit 1Spatial Interaction

A fast-food chain's idea of a drive-through window spreads to a country where the original chain has no restaurants, and local businesses adopt drive-through windows for their own different products. Which type of diffusion does this best illustrate?

A. Relocation diffusion
B. Contagious diffusion
C. Expansion diffusion by direct contact
D. Stimulus diffusion

Unit 1Spatial Diffusion

A religious community that emigrates overseas and establishes new congregations in its new home country is an example of which type of spatial diffusion?

A. Stimulus diffusion
B. Hierarchical diffusion
C. Relocation diffusion
D. Contagious diffusion

Unit 1Spatial Diffusion

A city was founded where a river could be easily forded, and later grew into a major trade hub because it sat at the crossing point of several regional trade routes. Which pair of terms best describes these two factors?

A. Relocation diffusion (the river ford) and hierarchical diffusion (the trade route crossing)
B. Site (the river ford) and situation (the trade route crossing)
C. Situation (the river ford) and site (the trade route crossing)
D. Formal region (the river ford) and functional region (the trade route crossing)

Unit 1Location

A map of a single city block and a map of the entire world are drawn at the same paper size. Which of the following correctly describes the difference between these two maps' scales?

A. The city block map has a larger scale because it shows a smaller area in more detail
B. The world map has a larger scale because it covers more territory
C. Scale refers only to the physical size of the printed map, not the area it represents
D. Both maps have the same scale because they are the same paper size

Unit 1Scale

Refer to the figure to answer this question. Explain what the dependency ratio measures, and what a high dependency ratio implies for a country's economy.

Population Structure

Study the figure for this question. Identify the theory that explains industrial location using the relative costs of transporting raw materials, labor, and reaching the market, and explain why a factory processing a weight-losing raw material would locate near that material's source rather than near the market.

Industrial Location

Drawing on the figure and your own knowledge, explain what redlining refers to, and describe one lasting effect it has had on the neighborhoods it targeted.

Urban Geography

Look at the figure accompanying this item, then identify the model that explains city size and spacing using nested market areas, and explain what 'threshold' means within it.

Urban Systems

With the figure as supporting evidence, distinguish a refugee from an internally displaced person.

Migration

This item includes a figure for reference. Identify the term for a zone where a government offers tax breaks and reduced regulation to attract foreign manufacturing investment, and explain why governments create them.

Economic Development

Consult the figure, then explain the difference between an antecedent boundary and a subsequent boundary, and give an example of a physical feature, such as a river, that a political boundary might follow.

Political Boundaries

Using the figure as your starting point, explain what 'urban sprawl' refers to, and identify one environmental or social cost commonly associated with it.

Urban Growth

Refer to the figure to answer this question. Identify the agricultural practice in which herders move livestock seasonally between lowland and highland pastures, and explain why herders move along a route like this.

Agricultural Systems

Study the figure for this question. Identify the theory that describes raw materials flowing from peripheral countries to core countries and manufactured goods flowing back, and explain what 'periphery' means within it.

Economic Development

Drawing on the figure and your own knowledge, identify the term geographers use for a dense, self-built settlement without a planned street grid, and explain one reason it typically forms at the edge of a large city.

Urbanization

Look at the figure accompanying this item, then identify one limitation of using GDP per capita alone to compare countries' level of development.

Development

With the figure as supporting evidence, explain why the northeastern and midwestern United States region historically associated with heavy manufacturing earned the nickname 'Rust Belt,' and identify one factor that drove industry to relocate away from it.

Industrial Geography

This item includes a figure for reference. Identify the urban model that describes a city as a series of concentric rings around a central business district, and explain one criticism of applying it to modern cities.

Urban Models

Consult the figure, then identify the model that explains agricultural land use as a series of rings around a central market, and explain why the innermost ring is typically used for perishable goods.

Agricultural Land Use

Using the figure as your starting point, explain what an irregular, non-compact voting district shape suggests about how the district may have been drawn, and name one gerrymandering technique it could represent.

Political Geography

Refer to the figure to answer this question. Explain what a population pyramid with a wide base that narrows sharply toward the top would indicate about a country's stage in the demographic transition model.

Population Structure

Study the figure for this question. Explain what the term 'cultural landscape' means, and identify two kinds of visible clues a geographer could use to infer something about a place's local culture.

Unit 3Cultural Landscape

Drawing on the figure and your own knowledge, explain one reason ethnic group boundaries often do not match a country's political boundaries.

Unit 3Ethnicity

Look at the figure accompanying this item, then explain what distinguishes a universalizing religion from an ethnic religion in terms of how each one spreads.

Unit 3Religion

With the figure as supporting evidence, explain what a language family tree represents, and identify one real-world example of a large language family.

Unit 3Language

This item includes a figure for reference. Distinguish absolute location from relative location, and give one example of each.

Unit 1Spatial Data

Consult the figure, then explain what the gravity model predicts about spatial interaction between two places, using the size of each place and the distance between them.

Unit 1Spatial Interaction

Using the figure as your starting point, explain the difference between a large-scale map and a small-scale map, and state which one shows more local detail.

Unit 1Scale

Refer to the figure to answer this question. Explain why hierarchical diffusion — in which a trend reaches large cities first and smaller towns later — is common for the spread of new fashion trends or technologies.

Unit 1Spatial Diffusion

Study the figure for this question. Identify what distinguishes contagious diffusion from hierarchical diffusion as a pattern of spatial spread.

Unit 1Spatial Diffusion

Drawing on the figure and your own knowledge, explain the concept of distance decay and give one real-world example of interaction falling off as distance increases.

Unit 1Spatial Interaction

Look at the figure accompanying this item, then explain why a perceptual region, such as 'the South' in the United States, tends to have fuzzy, disputed boundaries rather than a fixed one.

Unit 1Regions

With the figure as supporting evidence, explain how a functional region, such as a metropolitan commuting zone organized around a central city, differs from a formal region.

Unit 1Regions

This item includes a figure for reference. Explain what makes a climate zone an example of a formal region rather than a functional or perceptual one.

Unit 1Regions

Consult the figure, then explain why political time zone boundaries often deviate from the theoretical 15-degree meridian lines rather than following them exactly.

Unit 1Spatial Data

Using the figure as your starting point, explain how the shape of contour lines where they cross a river indicates the direction the river flows on a topographic map.

Unit 1Map Types

Refer to the figure to answer this question. Identify one type of land-cover change remote sensing is commonly used to detect, and explain why satellite imagery is valuable for that kind of monitoring.

Unit 1Geospatial Technology

Study the figure for this question. Explain how overlaying multiple GIS data layers, such as transportation routes and land use, could help a planner choose a site for a new distribution warehouse.

Unit 1Geospatial Technology

Drawing on the figure and your own knowledge, explain why the Robinson projection is described as a 'compromise' projection rather than one that preserves any single property perfectly.

Unit 1Map Projections

Look at the figure accompanying this item, then explain why landmasses near the poles, such as Greenland, appear far larger relative to equatorial landmasses on a Mercator projection than they actually are.

Unit 1Map Projections

With the figure as supporting evidence, explain what the width of an arrow typically represents on a flow-line map, and give one real-world example of a flow a flow-line map could be used to illustrate.

Unit 1Map Types

This item includes a figure for reference. Explain what a cartogram distorts relative to a standard land-area map, and describe what that kind of distortion allows a reader to compare that a standard map cannot.

Unit 1Map Types

Consult the figure, then explain what closely spaced contour lines on an isoline map indicate about the terrain compared to widely spaced lines.

Unit 1Map Types

Using the figure as your starting point, explain why a graduated symbol map communicates a quantity, such as city population, more directly than a choropleth map of the same data, and identify one drawback of graduated symbols when the mapped locations sit close together.

Unit 1Map Types

Refer to the figure to answer this question. Explain what dot density mapping is generally used to show, and identify one advantage this method has over choropleth mapping when displaying the same underlying data.

Unit 1Map Types

Study the figure for this question. Explain what kind of geographic data a choropleth map is generally best suited to display, and identify one limitation of shading an entire administrative unit, such as a state, to represent a variable like population density.

Unit 1Map Types